An innovative approach to combine solar photovoltaic gardens with agricultural production and ecosystem services

Biodiversity and crop productivity are compromised by the ongoing worldwide decline of pollinator insects primarily driven narrow specialization modern agricultural industry, dominated monocultures characterized intensive herbicide pesticide inputs. This approach has double drawback indiscriminately killing both invasive beneficial while pauperizing landscape limiting areas natural vegetation that normally provide habitat for pollinators. Here, an to develop green infrastructures (GI) is proposed (Ground Photovoltaic farms, GPv) synergistically address ecological emergencies socio-economic needs. Mainly, we focused on Nature-based Solutions (NbS) foster pollination as a priority ecosystem service medicinal herb production co-benefit, creating shared value in landscape. The results suggest replacement ruderal herbaceous with selected autochthonous cultivated species area GPv farms could increase land revenues simultaneously improving network activities. economic analysis solutions indicates annual return rate initial investment farms-to-GI conversion between 9 43%, potential payback three years. Hence, GI become business model, capable services landscape, private public benefits. However, transdisciplinary important share knowledge across different stakeholders bridge information gaps typical sectoral perspective, holistic vision involved professional skills experiences. Its proper implementation requires joint effort all together technical scientific experts promote multifunctional land-use farms.